The thermal analysis results of dynamized samples suggest modifications in the chemical interaction between zinc and lactose induced by the physical forces applied. The XRD assays of ZnMet 10−3 and 10−6 indicated peak changes at 12.3° and 43.26°, probably associated with modifications of inter-atomic crystalline spacing. SEM images showed particle size reduction due to the trituration process. Results AAS results detected 97.0% of zinc in the raw material, and the triturated zinc lactose system (ZnMet) presented mean values similar to those expected for the physical mixtures: i.e., 9.94%, 1.23%, and 0.11% in the three first proportions (10−1, 10−2, 10−3), respectively. All samples were submitted to the following characterization techniques: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG), and Raman Spectroscopy (RS). Methods Mixtures of zinc and lactose (1:9 w/w) were successively triturated at the same proportion according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia, receiving the designation of 10−1 – 10−6 (1dH – 6dH). Objective The present work aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of metallic zinc and lactose, evidencing the interactions between all chemical components presented in dynamized solid mixtures by analytical techniques. Copper NPs could not be detected at 4cH and above.īackground Recent experimental results supporting the dynamization process show modification in the characteristics of solid mixtures. It was not possible to reproduce the findings of Chikramane et al (2010) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with copper. The Avogadro/Loschmidt limit is not relevant at all.
![cuprum homeopathy remedy cuprum homeopathy remedy](https://images.1mg.com/du8msdgbj/image/upload/l_watermark_346,w_690,h_700/a_ignore,w_690,h_700,c_pad,q_auto,f_auto/v1526024067/lebhj9nmkpzkwowlqy6g.jpg)
This material demonstrates that the step-by-step process (dynamised or not) does not match with the theoretical expectations in a dilution process. The shapes and the chemical composition of the material are differentiable between different medicines and controls.Ĭonclusion Potentisation influences specifically the nature of NPs detected. Gelsemium yielded the largest quantity of material (36 times more than that from copper at the same potentisation, 30 cH). There was always more material in potentised medicines than in potentised pure water.
![cuprum homeopathy remedy cuprum homeopathy remedy](https://res.cloudinary.com/du8msdgbj/image/upload/l_watermark_346,w_690,h_700/a_ignore,w_690,h_700,c_pad,q_auto,f_auto/v1600218302/cropped/maynvqn8hnqsmpjup4wq.jpg)
![cuprum homeopathy remedy cuprum homeopathy remedy](https://cdn1.apopixx.de/500/web_schraeg/07004107.jpg)
The measurements showed large differences in particle quantities, mean particle sizes and standard deviations of the mean sizes between manufacturing lines of different starting material. For Gelsemium medicines, using sensitive chromatography (HPLC-UV) up to a dilution level of 6 dH (3cH = dilution 10e-6), there was no significant difference in alkaloid content between a simple dilution and a homeopathic potency.įor higher potentisations, however, NP tracking analysis findings revealed the presence of particles in all samples (except for pure water). Results Using Mass Spectrometry (Single Particle-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) we could not find the expected copper in the 4cH potentisation and could not confirm the results previously obtained by Chikramane et al (2010). We compared the homeopathic dilutions/dynamisations with simple dilutions and controls. The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared, according to the European pharmacopoeia standards. Methods We used a multi-technology approach to examine dilutions of two commonly used homeopathic medicines: an insoluble metal, Cuprum metallicum, and a soluble plant tincture, Gelsemium sempervirens, for the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) of original substance.
![cuprum homeopathy remedy cuprum homeopathy remedy](https://onemg.gumlet.io/image/upload/l_watermark_346,w_690,h_700/a_ignore,w_690,h_700,c_pad,q_auto,f_auto/v1600264145/cropped/j7i3rmextvcw6ctkaznl.jpg)
Background Homeopathy is controversial due to its use of very highly diluted medicines (high potencies/dynamisations).